SolidWindow

National Bank

2005-04-04T23:26:00.000-07:00

The first Bank of the United States (1791–1811) and the second Bank of the United States (1816–36) had functioned as agents of the U.S. Treasury and competed with the state, or private, banks, thereby ensuring that the private banks redeemed their banknotes

Chelmsford

2005-04-04T06:24:00.000-07:00

Town (township), Middlesex county, northeastern Massachusetts, U.S. It lies 24 miles (39 km) north of Boston; the city of Lowell is adjacent to the northeast. Settled in 1633, it was named for Chelmsford, England, and incorporated in 1655. An iron foundry using local bog ore was built there in 1656. During the early 19th century, the production of lumber, textiles, and granite was important. Services,

Moreau, (jean-) Victor (-marie)

2005-04-03T13:45:00.000-07:00

The son of a lawyer, Moreau studied law at Rennes, where, in 1788, he led a student riot in protest against King Louis XVI's attempts to restrict the authority of the Parlements (high courts of justice). Moreau welcomed the

Rabulist Riots

2005-04-03T08:54:00.000-07:00

The riots, named for a derogatory designation for Swedish radicals, occurred in the summer of 1838, following the conviction of M.J. Crusenstolpe, a liberal journalist, for libel against

Swimming

2005-04-01T21:47:00.000-08:00

Fu took the women's 3-m springboard

D.c.v.o.

2005-04-01T05:11:00.000-08:00

Dame commander of the Royal Victorian Order, member of the second highest rank of a British order of knighthood. See Royal Victorian Order.

Arabian Sea

2005-03-30T06:16:00.000-08:00

To medieval Arabs the Arabian Sea was known as the Sea of India or as part of the “Great Sea,” from which smaller gulfs such as the Sea of Faris (Persian Gulf) or Sea of Kolzum (Red Sea) were distinguished. From about the 8th or 9th century onward, Arab and Persian seafarers learned to use the surface currents propelled by the summer and winter monsoon winds. Detailed navigational

Legaspi

2005-03-27T17:39:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Legazpi, chartered city, capital of Albay province, southeastern Luzon, Philippines, near an inlet on Albay Gulf. Founded c. 1639, it was named for Miguel López de Legazpi, conquistador and first Spanish governor general of the Philippines. The city lies at the southern base of the active volcanic Mt. Mayon, the 1815 eruption of which killed more than 1,000 people and levelled nearby Cagsawa.

San Andrés Y Providencia

2005-03-27T04:06:00.000-08:00

Island departamento, Colombia, consisting of the Andrés and Providencia islands and several small keys in the Caribbean Sea, 440 miles (710 km) northwest of Cartagena, Colom., and 110 miles (180 km) off the coast of Nicaragua. Three of the keys are also claimed by the United States. The islands were settled in 1629 by English Puritans and later by planters, woodcutters, and black slaves from

London, Jack

2005-03-26T21:17:00.000-08:00

Deserted by his father, a roving astrologer, London was raised in Oakland, Calif., by his spiritualist mother and his stepfather,

Music, Orchestras.

2005-03-25T10:20:00.000-08:00

For all the long-standing predictions of the imminent demise of the symphony, at least three major essays in the form had high-profile premieres: Alfred Schnittke's Sixth (by the National Symphony Orchestra of Washington, D.C., on tour in Moscow), Witold Lutoslawski's Fourth (by the Los Angeles Philharmonic, with the composer conducting), and Ellen Taaffe Zwilich's Third

Wang Shih-fu

2005-03-25T04:25:00.000-08:00

Of 14 plays attributed to Wang, only three survive, of which Hsi hsiang chi (Romance of the Western Chamber, 1935) is widely regarded as the best northern play of the period and is still popular. The work is an amplified tsa-chü, a then-popular theatrical form, most of the conventions

Seth, Vikram

2005-03-24T20:55:00.000-08:00

The son of a judge and a businessman, Seth was raised in London and India. He attended exclusive Indian schools and then graduated from Corpus Christi College, Oxford (B.A., 1975). He received a master's degree in economics from Stanford University

China, Pei (Northern) Sung (9601127)

2005-03-24T03:48:00.000-08:00

The Pei Sung (also known simply as the Sung) was the last major Chinese dynasty to be founded by a coup d'état. Its founder, Chao K'uang-yin (known by his temple name, T'ai-tsu), the commander of the capital area of K'ai-feng and inspector general of the Imperial forces, usurped the throne from the Hou Chou, the last of the Wu-tai.

Salerno

2005-03-22T08:09:00.000-08:00

Latin Salernum, city, capital of Salerno provincia, Campania regione, southern Italy. It lies west of the mouth of the Irno River on the Gulf of Salerno, southeast of Naples. The Roman colony of Salernum was founded in 197 BC on the site of an earlier town, possibly Etruscan, called Irnthi. Part of the Lombard duchy of Benevento from AD 646, it became the capital of an independent Lombard principality

Koh-i-noor

2005-03-22T02:36:00.000-08:00

According to some experts, Sultan 'Ala'-ud-Din Khalji is credited

Basenji

2005-03-20T22:58:00.000-08:00

Also called Congo Bush Dog, or Belgian Congo Dog, ancient breed of hound dog native to central Africa, where it is used to point and retrieve and to drive quarry into a net. It is also known as the barkless dog, but it does produce a variety of sounds other than barks. A graceful animal, it is characterized by an alert expression typified by the finely wrinkled forehead, erect ears, and tightly curled tail. The short, silky

Black Hawk

2005-03-20T21:46:00.000-08:00

Indian name Ma-ka-tai-me-she-kia-kiak leader of a faction of Sauk and Fox Indians. Supported by part of the two tribes, Black Hawk contested the disposition of 50 million acres (20 million hectares) of territory that had supposedly been granted to the United States by tribal spokesmen in 1804. His decision to defy government orders to vacate

Argentina, Discovery and settlement

2005-03-19T06:34:00.000-08:00

The main Atlantic outline of Argentina was revealed to European explorers in the early 16th century. The Río de la Plata estuary was discovered years before Ferdinand Magellan traversed the Strait of Magellan in 1520, although historians dispute whether the estuary was first reached by Amerigo Vespucci in 1501–02 or by Juan Díaz de Solís in his ill-fated voyage of 1516. Solís and a

Berbice River

2005-03-18T16:55:00.000-08:00

River in eastern Guyana. The Berbice River rises in the highlands of the Rupununi region and flows northward for 370 miles (595 km) through dense forests to the coastal plain. It enters the Atlantic Ocean at New Amsterdam, where its flow is obstructed by shallows. The basin of the Berbice is restricted by the proximity of its larger neighbours, the Essequibo and Courantyne

Toynbee Hall

2005-03-18T11:22:00.000-08:00

Pioneering social settlement in the East End of London. It was founded on Commercial Street, Whitechapel (now in Tower Hamlets), in 1884 by the canon Samuel Augustus Barnett and named for the 19th-century English social reformer Arnold Toynbee. During his early years at St. Jude's Church, Barnett invited members of the universities of Oxford and Cambridge to the impoverished

Cabrera, Lydia

2005-03-17T16:15:00.000-08:00

The daughter of Cuban historian Raimundo Cabrera, Lydia Cabrera was told African folk legends by her nanny and the household servants during her childhood.

Baseball

2005-03-16T20:55:00.000-08:00

The United States is credited with developing several popular sports, including some (such as baseball, gridiron football, and basketball) that have large fan bases and, to varying degrees, have been adopted internationally. But baseball, despite the spread of the game throughout the globe and the growing influence of Asian and Latin American leagues and players,

Ghelderode, Michel De

2005-03-15T11:16:00.000-08:00

Ghelderode was the son of Flemish parents who favoured bilingualism. His early education was cut short by

China, Philosophy and religion

2005-03-14T15:04:00.000-08:00

Taoism and Buddhism by Ming times had declined into ill-organized popular religions, and what organization they had was regulated by the state. State espousal of Chu Hsi thought, and state repression of noted early Ming litterateurs, such as the poet Kao Ch'i and the thinker Fang Hsiao-ju, made for widespread philosophical conformity during the 15th century. This was

Subpoena

2005-03-14T14:43:00.000-08:00

Formal instrument issued by a court, grand jury, legislative body or committee, or duly authorized administrative agency commanding an individual to appear before it at a specific time to give testimony, oral or written, in the matter identified in the document. The subpoena is used only in common-law countries, but it is similar to the citation or vocatio in jus of

Tibet, Administration and culture under the Manchu

2005-03-13T16:44:00.000-08:00

Chinese contacts

Telephone And Telephone System

2005-03-13T08:01:00.000-08:00

Facsimile, or fax, refers to the transmission of text or fixed images and drawings by wire or radio channels. Fax permits the transmission of a mix of documents—including handwriting, graphs, pictures, and maps—that often cannot be transmitted at all over other communications media. Although the concepts of fax were developed in the 19th century using contemporary

Lamoricière, Christophe-louis-leon Juchault De

2005-03-11T20:17:00.000-08:00

After entering the engineers in 1829, Lamoricière was sent to Algiers (1830) as a captain in the Zouaves. In 1833 he played a prominent role in the creation of the Arab Bureau, which was to coordinate information on French Arab colonies. Military success at Constantine led to

Clarion River

2005-03-11T15:23:00.000-08:00

River formed at Johnsonburg, Elk county, northwestern Pennsylvania, U.S., by the confluence of East Branch and West Branch Clarion rivers. It flows generally southwest for about 110 miles (177 km), past the towns of Ridgway and Clarion, to join the Allegheny River. The Clarion Dam and Reservoir are on the East Branch near Glen Hazel. The river's name is attributed to surveyors who

Porcellanite

2005-03-10T22:39:00.000-08:00

The porcellanite of some authorities is a silicified tuff, a rock composed of volcanic fragments that has been altered

Shensi, The early period

2005-03-10T22:29:00.000-08:00

The northern parts of Shensi, particularly the Wei Valley, were some of the earliest settled parts of China. In the valley some remains of the Mesolithic Period have been found, while there are Neolithic Yang-shao culture sites spreading along the whole of the west–east corridor from Kansu to Honan, showing that this was already an important route. Chinese Neolithic

Argos

2005-03-09T11:59:00.000-08:00

The name Argos (adjectival form Argive) apparently signified an agricultural plain and was applied to several districts in ancient Greece. Historically, the Argolis was the easternmost portion of the Peloponnesian peninsula, and the city

China, Educational and cultural policy changes

2005-03-08T23:02:00.000-08:00

In the educational system, the reformers gave top priority to training technical, scientific, and scholarly talent to world-class standards. This involved the re-creation of a highly selective and elitist higher educational system, with admission based on competitive academic examination. Graduate study programs were introduced, and thousands of Chinese were

Binchy, Maeve

2005-03-07T21:35:00.000-08:00

Educated at University College, Dublin (B.A., 1960), Binchy taught school in Dublin from 1961 to 1968, when she began her career as a reporter for the daily

Uto-aztecan Languages

2005-03-07T01:07:00.000-08:00

The languages

Tlaxcala

2005-03-06T02:32:00.000-08:00

In full Tlaxcala De Xicohténcatl, town, capital of Tlaxcala estado (“state”), east-central Mexico. It lies along the Zahuapan River at the northwest foot of La Malinche volcano, 7,388 feet (2,252 m) above sea level. The city lies in the region inhabited by the Tlaxcalan Indians, and the designation “de Xicohténcatl” commemorates a Tlaxcalan chieftain who vigorously opposed his people's aid to the Spanish conquistador

Xanthate

2005-03-05T20:54:00.000-08:00

Any of a class of organic salts formed by treatment of an alcohol with carbon disulfide in the presence of an alkali. The term is derived from the Greek word xanthos, for “yellow,” in reference to the compound potassium ethyl xanthate (C2H5OCS2K), which gives a yellow precipitate when combined with copper sulfate. The most important group of xanthates are the sodium salts

Chandler, Seth Carlo

2005-03-04T06:53:00.000-08:00

Chandler initially worked for the U.S. Coast Survey (1864–70). He then worked as an actuary until he joined the Harvard University Observatory in 1881. From 1896 to 1909 he edited

Xanthate

2005-03-03T19:53:00.000-08:00

Any of four species of toothless insect-eating mammals found in tropical savannas and forests from southern Mexico to Paraguay and northern Argentina and Paraguay. The four species are long-tailed animals with elongated skulls and tubular muzzles. The mouth opening of the muzzle is small, but the salivary glands are large and secrete

Yozgat

2005-03-03T16:46:00.000-08:00

City, central Turkey. The city lies on the site of a Bronze Age settlement 100 miles (160 km) east of Ankara in a valley of the Ak Mountains, at an elevation of 4,360 feet (1,329 m). The main road between Sivas and Ankara passes through it, but the rail line bypasses it to the southwest, and the city functions primarily as a local market and administrative centre. Mohair, wool, grain, gum, and lead are

Vaigai River

2005-03-02T10:12:00.000-08:00

River in Tamil Nadu state, southern India, flowing 150 miles (240 km) generally southeast. Rising in the Varushanad Hills of western Tamil Nadu, it initially flows northeast through the Kambam and Varushanad valleys. In its central reaches the Vaigai flows eastward into the Vaigai reservoir at Narasingapuram. Near Sholavandan it bends to the southeast, passing Madurai town on

Judaism, The making of the Kabbala (c. 11501250)

2005-03-02T05:08:00.000-08:00

It was in these circumstances that, starting around 1150, manifestations of markedly theosophic ideologies appeared in the south of present-day France (in the regions of Provence–Languedoc–Roussillon). Two types can be distinguished at the outset, which are very different as to their manner of appearance, their form, and their content.

Carnivore, Natural history

2005-03-01T15:28:00.000-08:00

Members of the Ursidae, except for the carnivorous polar bear (Ursus maritimus), are omnivorous, consuming many items that seem small for an animal the size of a bear. Ants, bees, seeds of trees, roots of the skunk cabbage, nuts, berries, insect larvae such as grubs, and even the dainty dog-toothed violet are eaten. Many bears relish honey, and the sun bear (Helarctos

Moshav

2005-03-01T07:02:00.000-08:00

Plural Moshavim, in Israel, a type of cooperative agricultural settlement. The moshav, which is generally based on the principle of private ownership of land, avoidance of hired labour, and communal marketing, represents an intermediate stage between privately owned settlements and the complete communal living of the kibbutz. Moshavim are built on land belonging to the Jewish

Jones, Deacon

2005-02-28T16:25:00.000-08:00

Jones, an accomplished high school athlete in Orlando, Fla., played football at Mississippi Vocational College and South Carolina State College. He was relatively unknown in 1961 when the Los Angeles Rams selected him in the 14th round of the National

Moses, Grandma

2005-02-28T13:44:00.000-08:00

Anna Robertson had only sporadic periods of schooling during her childhood. At age 12 she left her parents' farm and worked as a hired girl until she married

Russell, Lillian

2005-02-27T16:50:00.000-08:00

Helen Leonard attended convent and private schools in Chicago. About 1877 or 1878 she was taken by her mother to New York City, where her early training in voice

Baccio D'agnolo

2005-02-26T07:09:00.000-08:00

Byname of Bartolomeo D'agnolo Baglioni wood-carver, sculptor, and architect who exerted an important influence on the Renaissance architecture of Florence. Between 1491 and 1502 he did much of the decorative carving in the church of Santa Maria Novella and in the Palazzo Vecchio in Florence. He helped restore the Palazzo Vecchio and in 1506 was commissioned to complete the drum of the cupola

Skeleton Shrimp

2005-02-25T01:39:00.000-08:00

Aeginella longicornis (longicornia), which occurs among eelgrass, sponges, and wharf pilings

Ali, Muhammad

2005-02-24T22:15:00.000-08:00

Cassius Marcellus Clay, Jr., grew up in the American South in a time of segregated public facilities. His father, Cassius Marcellus Clay, Sr., supported a

Ikere-ekiti

2005-02-24T10:29:00.000-08:00

Also called Ikere , or Ikerre town, Ondo State, southwestern Nigeria, on the road from Akure to Ado-Ekiti. A major collecting point for cocoa, it also serves as an agricultural trade centre (yams, cassava [yuca], rice, corn [maize], palm oil and kernels, okra, pumpkins) for the Ekiti branch of the Yoruba people. Ikere-Ekiti has government and Christian teacher-training colleges; there is also a hospital. The

West Lothian

2005-02-23T10:50:00.000-08:00

Council area and historic county, southeastern Scotland, on the southern shore of the River Forth estuary and the Firth of Forth just west of Edinburgh. The council area and historic county occupy somewhat different areas. The historic county borders the Forth from Bo'ness to the mouth of the River Almond just west of Cramont. It extends southwest across a lowland

Metamorphism

2005-02-23T02:29:00.000-08:00

Mineralogical and structural adjustments of solid rocks to physical and chemical conditions differing from those under which the rocks originally formed. Changes produced by surface conditions such as compaction are usually excluded. The most important agents of metamorphism include temperature, pressure, and stress. Equally as significant are changes

Acrostic

2005-02-22T20:22:00.000-08:00

The word was first applied to the prophecies of the Erythraean Sibyl, which were written on leaves and arranged so that the initial letters of the leaves always formed a word.

Ancient Greek Civilization

2005-02-21T09:01:00.000-08:00

The period following Mycenaean civilization, which ended in about 1200 BC, to the death of Alexander the Great, in 323 BC. It was a period of political, philosophical, artistic, and scientific achievements that formed a legacy with unparalleled influence on Western civilization.

Thomas Jefferson University

2005-02-20T19:49:00.000-08:00

Private, state-aided, coeducational institution of higher education in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. It has one of the largest independent medical schools in the United States. The university comprises Jefferson Medical College, the College of Health Professions, the College of Graduate Studies, and a teaching hospital, the Thomas Jefferson University Hospital.

Visvakarman

2005-02-20T18:16:00.000-08:00

(Sanskrit: “All Accomplishing”), in Hindu mythology, the architect of the gods. The name was originally used as an epithet of any powerful god but later came to personify creative power. Visvakarman is the divine carpenter and master craftsman who fashioned the weapons of the gods and built their cities and chariots. He is the architect of the mythical city, Lanka, and is also

Biblical Literature, The Holiness Code

2005-02-19T01:51:00.000-08:00

Next (chapters 17–26) comes what has been designated the “Holiness Code,” or “Law of Holiness,” which scholars regard as a separate, distinctive unit within the P material (designated H). It calls upon the people to be holy as God is holy by carrying out his laws, both ritual and moral, and by avoiding the polluting practices of neighbouring peoples; and it proceeds to lay down laws,

Santorio Santorio

2005-02-18T05:01:00.000-08:00

Santorio was a graduate of the University of Padua (M.D., 1582), where he later became professor of medical

Venkataraman, Ramaswamy

2005-02-18T02:49:00.000-08:00

Venkataraman studied law at the University of Madras and began his legal practice in 1935. He became involved in India's independence struggle and was consequently jailed by the British (1942–44). After his release he continued to practice law,

Hypertension

2005-02-17T16:50:00.000-08:00

Normally, the pumping of the heart creates a rhythmic pulsing of blood along and against the walls of the blood vessels, which are flexible enough to dilate or contract and thus keep the pressure

Duwaym, Ad-

2005-02-15T13:34:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Ed-dueim, city, central Sudan, on the western bank of the White Nile, about 87 miles (140 km) southwest of Wad Madani and located at an elevation of 1,253 feet (382 m). It is an agricultural centre for the surrounding area, which produces cotton, cereals, oilseeds, peanuts (groundnuts), wheat, fruits, and vegetables. Industries include mechanized mills producing oils from sesame seeds and peanuts, soap

O'mahony, John

2005-02-15T13:11:00.000-08:00

O'Mahony was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, and became a respected Irish scholar. He took part in the unsuccessful Young Ireland rebellion

Chaga

2005-02-15T04:31:00.000-08:00

Their methods of cultivation support a very dense population. They practice an intensive irrigated agriculture on terraced fields, keeping them under permanent cultivation through

Hiiumaa

2005-02-14T00:23:00.000-08:00

German Dagö, or Dagden, Russian Khiuma, Swedish Dagö, island of the Muhu archipelago, Estonia. It lies in the Baltic Sea, northwest of the Gulf of Riga. Hiiumaa is the northernmost of the three larger islands forming the archipelago. It is separated from the island of Saaremaa to the south by Soela Strait and from the mainland to the east by Muhu Strait. Hiiumaa is a low-lying island of 373 square miles (965 square km), composed of limestone

Terminal Velocity

2005-02-13T08:43:00.000-08:00

Steady speed achieved by an object freely falling through a gas or liquid. A typical terminal velocity for a parachutist who delays opening the chute is about 150 miles (240 kilometres) per hour. Raindrops fall at a much lower terminal velocity, and a mist of tiny oil droplets settles at an exceedingly small terminal velocity. An object dropped from rest will increase its

Domenichino

2005-02-11T00:34:00.000-08:00

He was trained in the academy of Lodovico Carracci and in 1602 was in Rome, where he joined the Bolognese artists at work under the direction of Annibale Carracci in

Welded Tuff

2005-02-10T03:30:00.000-08:00

Rock composed of compacted volcanic ejecta (see tuff).

Mckay, David O(man)

2005-02-09T03:40:00.000-08:00

He served as a missionary in Scotland (1897–99) and then returned to Utah to become instructor and principal (1899–1908) of the Weber State Academy, now Weber State College. In 1906 he was elected a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, and in 1950 he

United States V. E.c. Knight Company

2005-02-09T00:38:00.000-08:00

President Grover Cleveland ordered the government to

Biological Development, Length and timing of the reproductive phase

2005-02-08T21:46:00.000-08:00

Natural selection results in the production by one generation of offspring that are able to survive and reproduce themselves to form a further generation. The time unit appropriate to natural selection is therefore the generation interval. There will always be some natural selective pressure for the shortening of the generation interval, simply out of a natural

Sexual-predator Law

2005-02-06T14:22:00.000-08:00

Statute that mandates lengthy periods of preventive detention for habitual sexual offenders and sexual psychopaths beyond their criminal sentences. Sexual-predator laws became popular in the United States in the 1990s, and their passage raised constitutional questions about double jeopardy and the balancing of the rights of offenders against those of the wider

Interior Design, Spain

2005-02-05T15:29:00.000-08:00

In Spain, Moorish influence mingled with subsequent Western classical styles to produce a unique flavour in decorative design. The style known as Mudéjar (c. 12th–17th century) was the early outcome of these blended Christian and Arab ideas and consists in essence of tiled floors and skirtings in polychrome, plain white walls, carved stucco friezes, and intricately decorated

Pacific Islands, Trade

2005-02-04T23:22:00.000-08:00

Pacific islanders, as producers of agricultural, marine, and mineral commodities, face problems of market demand, labour supply, management skills, and transport that restrict them to an insignificant role in world export trade. Neither do the small, scattered populations present an attractive consumer market to overseas entrepreneurs. The combination of limited

Disasters

2005-02-03T23:53:00.000-08:00

February 3, Near

Biblical Literature, New Testament literature

2005-02-02T18:34:00.000-08:00

The following works are useful for commentary, survey articles, and bibliographic material: George A. Buttrick (ed.), The Interpreter's Bible, especially vol. 1, 7, and 12 (1952–57); Matthew Black (ed.), Peake's Commentary on the Bible, 2nd ed. (1962); and Raymond E. Brown, Joseph A. Fitzmyer, and Roland E. Murphy (eds.), The Jerome Biblical Commentary (1968). Werner G. Kuemmel, The New Testament: The History of the Investigations of Its Problems (1972), covers the whole history of New Testament studies with ample excerpts from the major scholars since the 18th century. For a rich introduction to the 27 books of the New Testament with full and balanced reporting on all major issues of contemporary discussion and extensive bibliographies, see Paul Feine, Johannes Behm, and Werner G. Kuemmel, Einleitung in das Neue Testament, 14th rev. ed. (1965; Eng. trans., Introduction to the New Testament, 1966). For a general dictionary to the Bible, see George A. Buttrick (ed.), The Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible, 4 vol. (1962). The most extensive tool for the study of New Testament theological terms is Gerhard Kittel (ed.), Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, vol. 1–8 (1964–72, in progress). For New Testament theologies, see Rudolf Bultmann, Theologie des Neuen Testaments, 3rd ed. (1958; Eng. trans., Theology of the New Testament, 2 vol., 1951–55); Hans Conzelmann, Grundriss der Theologie des Neuen Testaments, 2nd ed. (1967; Eng. trans., An Outline of the Theology of the New Testament, 1969). For general commentary, see The International Critical Commentary on the Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments, 41 vol. (1895–1920); for the major German commentary, see Kritisch exegetischer Kommentar über das Neuen Testament (“Meyer Series,” frequently updated); Handbuch zum Neuen Testament (Lietzmann-Bornkamm); and Das Neue Testament Deutsch (Göttinger Bibelwerk). For a major French Protestant commentary, see Commentaire du Nouveau Testament and for major French and German Roman Catholic commentaries, see Etudes bibliques and Das Neue Testament übersetzt und erklärt (the Regensburger New Testament). (Gospels—texts): Kurt Aland (ed.), Synopsis Quattuor Evangeliorum (1964), a Greek synopsis, includes the Gospel of John and translations (Eng. trans. 1972) of the Coptic Gospel of Thomas. For a synopsis, see Burton H. Throckmorton, Jr. (ed.), Gospel Parallels: A Synopsis of the First Three Gospels, 3rd ed. (1967). For a general study of the Gospels and the Synoptic problem, see Frederick C. Grant, The Gospels: Their Origin and Their Growth (1957). For arguments against the priority of Mark, see William R. Farmer, The Synoptic Problem (1964). Significant new approaches to gospel study are found in James M. Robinson and Helmut Koester, Trajectories Through Early Christianity (1971). For form criticism, see Rudolf Bultmann, Die Geschichte der synoptischen Tradition, 3rd ed. (1958; Eng. trans., The History of the Synoptic Tradition, 1963). Amos N. Wilder, Early Christian Rhetoric (1971), goes beyond form criticism by fuller attention to modern literary criticism. (Mark): Robert H. Lightfoot, The Gospel Message of St. Mark (1950); and Willi Marxsen, Der Evangelist Markus (1959; Eng. trans., Mark the Evangelist, 1969), are two outstanding works representing different periods and methods of scholarship. (Matthew): For discussion of the arrangement, Old Testament citations, and theology of Matthew, see Guenther Bornkamm, Gerhard Barth, and Heinz J. Held, Auslegung im Mattäus-evangelium (1960; Eng. trans., Tradition and Interpretation in Matthew, 1963). David Hill, New Testament Prophesy (1980), a discussion of prophesy both in the Bible and in the church today. Krister Stendahl, “Prayer and Forgiveness,” in Svensk Exegetisk Ársbok, 22–23:75–86 (1957–58), in English; and The School of St. Matthew and Its Use of the Old Testament, 2nd ed. (1968). (Luke): Henry J. Cadbury, The Making of Luke-Acts, 2nd ed. (1958); and Hans Conzelmann, Die Mitte der Zeit: Studien zur Theologie des Lukas, 3rd ed. (1960; Eng. trans., The Theology of St. Luke, 1960), represent a classic treatment of Luke-Acts. (John): Among the most important recent studies on John are Charles H. Dodd, Historical Tradition in the Fourth Gospel (1963), and The Interpretation of the Fourth Gospel (1953); Ernst Kaesemann, Jesu letzter Wille nach Johannes 17. (1966; Eng. trans., The Testament of Jesus: A Study of the Gospel of John in the Light of Chapter 17, 1968); and James L. Martyn, History and Theology in the Fourth Gospel (1968). (Acts): See also Luke above. For Acts viewed in its own time, see Henry J. Cadbury, The Book of Acts in History (1955). Literary style and methods of composition are discussed in Martin Dibelius, Aufsätze zur Apostelgeschichte (1951; Eng. trans., Studies in the Acts of the Apostles, 1956). The scope and purpose of Acts are treated in P.M. Menoud, “Le Plan des Actes des Apôtres,” New Testament Studies, 1:44–50 (1954–55); and W.C. van Unnik, “The ‘Book of Acts' the Confirmation of the Gospel,” Novum Testamentum, 4:26–59 (1960). (Paul): For general works on Paul and the epistles, see Guenther Bornkamm, Early Christian Experience (1970), and Paulus (1969; Eng. trans., 1971); William D. Davies, Paul and Rabbinic Judaism, 2nd ed. (1955); Martin Dibelius and Werner G. Kuemmel, Paulus (1951; Eng. trans., 1953); Johannes Munck, Paulus und die Heilsgeschichte (1954; Eng. trans., Paul and the Salvation of Mankind, 1959); Arthur D. Nock, St. Paul (1938); and Hans J. Schoeps, Paulus: Die Theologie des Apostels (1959; Eng. trans., Paul: The Theology of the Apostle , 1961). See also Krister Stendahl, “The Apostle Paul and the Introspective Conscience of the West,” Harvard Theological Review, 51: 199–215 (1963). For a survey of Pauline studies, see Edward E. Ellis, Paul and His Recent Interpreters (1961); Wayne A. Meeks (ed.), The Writings of St. Paul (1972); and Ernst Kaesemann, Paulinische Perspektiven (1969; Eng. trans., Perspectives on Paul, 1971). (Romans): John Knox, “A Note on the Text of Romans,” New Testament Studies, 2: 191–192 (1955–56); Krister Stendahl, “Hate, Non-Retaliation, and Love: 1QS x, 17–20 and Romans 12:19–21,” Harvard Theological Review, 50:343–355 (1962). (I Corinthians): For a discussion of the heresies met in I Corinthians, see Walter Schmithals, Die Gnosis in Korinth, 3rd ed. (1969; Eng. trans., Gnosticism in Corinth, 1971). (II Corinthians): For the arrangement of the fragments of II Corinthians and their redaction, see Guenther Bornkamm, “The History of the Origin of the So-Called 2nd Letter to the Corinthians,” New Testament Studies, 8:258–264 (1961–62). For a discussion of Paul's opponents in II Corinthians, see Dieter Georgi, Die Gegner des Paulus im 2. Korintherbrief: Studien zur religiösen Propaganda in der Spätantike (1964); and his shorter article on this subject, “Forms of Religious Propaganda,” in Hans J. Schultz (ed.), Die Zeit Jesu (1966; Eng. trans., Jesus in His Time, 1971). (Galatians): For a discussion of the heretics in Galatia, see Walter Schmithals, “Die Häretiker in Galatien,” Zeitschrift für die Neutestamentliche Wissenschaft und die Kunde der Aelteren Kirche (ZNW), pp. 25–67 (1956). (Ephesians): For the meaning and goal of Ephesians, see Edgar J. Goodspeed, The Meaning of Ephesians (1933), and The Key to Ephesians (1956). See also C. Leslie Mitton, The Epistle to the Ephesians (1951). (Philippians): For the place of Philippians in the Pauline collection and the meaning of its various sections, see Helmut Koester, “The Purpose of the Polemic of a Pauline Fragment (Philippians III),” New Testament Studies, 8:317–332 (1961–62). For the concept of Philippians as a testament, see Dieter Georgi, “Ein Testament des Paulus (Phil. 3, 2ff.),” ZNW (1972). (Philemon): John Knox, Philemon Among the Letters of Paul, 2nd ed. (1959). (Pastoral Epistles): For evidence against Pauline authorship, see Percy N. Harrison, The Problem of the Pastoral Epistles (1921). See also Eduard Schweizer, Church Order in the New Testament (1961). (Hebrews): Concerning the Christology of Hebrews and the idea of the “wandering people of God,” see Ernst Kaesemann, Das wandernde Gottesvolk, 3rd ed. (1959). An approach to the eschatology of Hebrews and an origin connected with followers of Stephen is found in William Manson, The Epistle to the Hebrews (1951). (Catholic Epistles): For the typical admixture of parenesis, apocalyptic, and the general address of the Catholic Epistles, see Carl Andresen, “Zum Formular frühchristlicher Gemeindebriefe,” ZNW, 56:233–259 (1965). The similarity of style of the Catholic Epistles to later Christian Greek literature is treated in A. Wifstrand, “Stylistic Problems in the Epistles of James and Peter,” Studia Theologica, 11:35–60 (1948). (James): For a solution to the apparent contradiction of Paul and James concerning “works,” see Joachim Jeremias, “Paul and James,” Expository Times, 66:368–371 (1954–55); for clarification of special passages with a modern technique similar to rabbinic methodology, see Roy B. Ward, “The Works of Abraham: James 2:14–26,” Harvard Theological Review, 61:283–290 (1968), and “Partiality in the Assembly: James 2:2–4,” ibid., 62:87–97 (1969). (I Peter): For a date in Trajan's time, see John Knox, “Pliny and I Peter: A Note on I Pet. 4:14–16 and 3:15,” Journal of Biblical Literature, 72:187–189 (1953); an interpretation of the Descent into Hell is found in B. Reicke, The Disobedient Spirits and Christian Baptism: A Study of I Peter iii, 19 and Its Context (1946). (II Peter and Jude): For motivation for the writing of II Peter, see Ernst Kaesemann, “An Apologia for Primitive Christian Eschatology,” in Essays on New Testament Themes (1964). (Johannine Epistles): For speculations as to authorship, date, and nature of the situation of the Johannine Epistles, see W.F. Howard, “The Common Authorship of the Johannine Gospel and Epistles,” Journal of Theological Studies (1947). (Revelation): Concerning liturgical style and content in Revelations, see Guenther Bornkamm, “On the Understanding of Worship; B,” in Early Christian Experience (1969). For a study of Revelation as a creative revelatory poem with unity throughout, drawing upon apocalyptic imagery of its time, see Austin M. Farrer, A Rebirth of Images (1949, reprinted 1963). A general survey of apocalypticism and apocalypses from 200 BC into the early Christian era is found in David S. Russell (op. cit.).

Grayback

2005-02-02T17:54:00.000-08:00

Any of several North American fishes including the alewife (q.v.), cisco (see whitefish), and Menominee whitefish.

Kerr Electro-optic Effect

2005-02-01T11:40:00.000-08:00

In physics, the inducement of double refraction of light in a transparent substance when a strong electric field is applied in a direction transverse to the beam of light. In double refraction, the index of refraction (a measure of the amount the ray is bent on entering the material), and hence the wave velocity of light vibrating in the direction of the electric field,

Ambergris

2005-01-30T13:38:00.000-08:00

A solid waxy substance originating in the intestine of the sperm whale (Physeter catodon). In Eastern cultures ambergris is used for medicines and potions and as a spice; in the West it was used to stabilize the scent of fine perfumes. Ambergris floats and washes ashore most frequently on the coasts of China, Japan, Africa, and the Americas and on tropical islands such

Ganassa, Zan

2005-01-30T06:52:00.000-08:00

Ganassa, who took his name from that of a character he invented, was perhaps the first to take a commedia company beyond the borders of Italy. Evidence exists of his appearances at Mantua (1568) and Ferrara (1570), and a performance by him and his company in Paris in 1571 was perhaps

Jaén

2005-01-28T17:15:00.000-08:00

Provincia, in the comunidad autónoma (“autonomous community”) of Andalusia, south-central Spain. It is surrounded by the Sierra Morena (north), the Segura and Cazorla ranges (east), and Parapanda, Lucena, and Segura mountains (south). The western part of the province is composed of plains that lead to the fertile Guadalquivir River valley. There are several irrigation dams

Raytheon Company

2005-01-25T22:02:00.000-08:00

Major American industrial corporation with core manufacturing concentrations in corporate and special-mission aircraft, defense systems, and defense and commercial electronics. It is the third largest defense contractor in the United States (after Lockheed Martin and Boeing). Established in 1922, the company reincorporated in 1928 and adopted its present name in 1959. Headquarters

Colditz Castle

2005-01-23T00:54:00.000-08:00

German Schloss Colditz, German prisoner-of-war camp in World War II, the site of many daring escape attempts by Allied officers. The castle sits on a steep hill overlooking the Mulde River as it flows through the small Saxon town of Colditz, about 30 miles (48 km) southeast of Leipzig. A former residence of the kings of Saxony, the castle was used in 1939 as a prisoner-of-war camp, and in 1940 it became a maximum security

World War I, Naval operations, 191718

2005-01-21T00:06:00.000-08:00

Since Germany's previous restrictions of its submarine warfare had been motivated by fear of provoking the United States into war, the U.S. declaration of war in April 1917 removed any reason for the Germans to retreat from their already declared policy of unrestricted warfare. Consequently, the U-boats, having sunk 181 ships in January, 259 in February, and 325 in March, sank 430 in April.

Swartz, Olof

2005-01-20T13:21:00.000-08:00

Swartz received his doctorate from the University of Uppsala in 1781. In 1783 he traveled to North America and the West Indies to collect specimens. He is best known for his taxonomic studies and for his work on pteridophytes (spore-bearing plants).

Domestic Shorthair

2005-01-17T17:52:00.000-08:00

Also called British Shorthair breed of domestic cat often referred to as a common, or alley, cat; a good show animal, however, is purebred and pedigreed and has been carefully bred to conform to a set standard of appearance. The domestic shorthair is required by show standards to be a sturdily built cat with strong-boned legs and a round head with round eyes and ears that are rounded at the tips. The coat

Itajaí

2005-01-15T15:22:00.000-08:00

City, eastern Santa Catarina estado (“state”), southern Brazil. It lies at the mouth of the Itajaí River, at 20 feet (6 m) above sea level. Founded in the mid-19th century by German and Italian colonists, Itajaí is now the commercial centre and Atlantic port for an agricultural region drained by the Itajaí River and its tributaries. Wrapping paper and cotton textiles are the principal

Earle, John

2005-01-14T08:04:00.000-08:00

An outstanding book of “characters,” it avoids didacticism and displays genuine personalities, such as a “child,” a “Good old Man,” a “young raw Preacher,” and a “Grave Divine.” It is alive with its humour, perception, and epigrammatic

Performing Arts, Jazz

2005-01-11T11:41:00.000-08:00

The music of Duke Ellington, one of the greatest jazz composers, dominated the jazz scene in 1999. The centennial of his birth was celebrated worldwide at festivals, concerts, and nightclubs and prompted a proliferation of recorded tributes by singers and instrumentalists. On April 29, Ellington's birthday, the Lincoln Center Jazz Orchestra, led by Wynton Marsalis, played

Keel

2005-01-09T03:26:00.000-08:00

In shipbuilding, the main structural member and backbone of a ship or boat, running longitudinally along the centre of the bottom of the hull from stem to stern. It may be made of timber, metal, or other strong, stiff material. Traditionally it constituted the principal member to which the ribs were attached on each side and to which the stem and sternpost were also attached.

Europop

2005-01-07T20:03:00.000-08:00

The first major Europop hit is generally considered Los Bravos' “Black

Estébanez Calderón, Serafín

2005-01-05T19:44:00.000-08:00

Estébanez also spelled Estévanes, byname El Solitario one of the best-known costumbristas, Spanish writers who depicted in short articles the typical customs of the people. He moved to Madrid in 1830, where he published newspaper articles under the pseudonym El Solitario and pursued a career that combined Arabic studies, poetry, and the collecting of manuscripts. He was also influential in the

Gäncä

2005-01-04T00:13:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Gänjä, Gandzha, Gjandza , or Gyandzha , formerly (1935–89) Kirovabad , or (1804–1918) Yelizavetpol city, western Azerbaijan. It lies along the Gäncä River. The town was founded sometime in the 5th or 6th century, about 4 miles (6.5 km) east of the modern city. That town was destroyed by earthquake in 1139 and rebuilt on the present site. Gäncä became an important centre of trade, but in 1231 it was again leveled, this time by the Mongols. Captured in 1606 by the Persians, it became the centre of the

Water Mold

2005-01-01T02:43:00.000-08:00

Also spelled water mould any of about 150 species of fungi belonging to the order Saprolegniales within the class Oomycetes. Many of them live in fresh or brackish water or wet soils. Most species are saprobic (i.e., they live on dead or decaying organic matter), although some cause diseases in certain fishes, higher plants, algae, protozoans, and marine invertebrates. The mycelium (filaments composing

O'malley, Walter

2004-12-30T04:57:00.000-08:00

O'Malley received his law degree from Fordham University in New York City in 1930 and became a director of the Dodgers in 1932 and legal adviser in 1943. He became an owner with two other

Hippolytus

2004-12-29T19:07:00.000-08:00

In Euripides' tragedy Hippolytus, he was son of Theseus, king of Athens, and the Amazon Hippolyte. Theseus' queen, Phaedra, fell in love

Dorgon

2004-12-27T15:58:00.000-08:00

Dorgon was the 14th of the 16 sons of Nurhachi, founder of the Manchu state, who

La Romana

2004-12-24T16:43:00.000-08:00

City and port, southeastern Dominican Republic, on the Caribbean Sea opposite Catalina Island. Founded near the end of the 19th century, La Romana grew rapidly after the establishment of a large sugar mill in 1911. In addition to sugarcane, the surrounding region produces coffee, tobacco, beeswax, cattle, and hides. The city has food-processing and soap, shoe, and furniture plants.

Plotina, Pompeia

2004-12-22T14:04:00.000-08:00

Wife of the Roman emperor Trajan. She earned great respect in her lifetime by her virtue and her advocation of the people's interests. During the ceremony of Trajan's accession, she is supposed to have turned around as she climbed the palace steps and addressed the crowd, saying that she desired always to be the same as she was then. One of her accomplishments was to curb

SolidWindow

National Bank

Chelmsford

Moreau, (jean-) Victor (-marie)

Rabulist Riots

Swimming

D.c.v.o.

Arabian Sea

Legaspi

San Andrés Y Providencia

London, Jack

Music, Orchestras.

Wang Shih-fu

Seth, Vikram

China, Pei (Northern) Sung (9601127)

Salerno

Koh-i-noor

Basenji

Black Hawk

Argentina, Discovery and settlement

Berbice River

Toynbee Hall

Cabrera, Lydia

Baseball

Ghelderode, Michel De

China, Philosophy and religion

Subpoena

Tibet, Administration and culture under the Manchu

Telephone And Telephone System

Lamoricière, Christophe-louis-leon Juchault De

Clarion River

Porcellanite

Shensi, The early period

Argos

China, Educational and cultural policy changes

Binchy, Maeve

Uto-aztecan Languages

Tlaxcala

Xanthate

Chandler, Seth Carlo

Xanthate

Yozgat

Vaigai River

Judaism, The making of the Kabbala (c. 11501250)

Carnivore, Natural history

Moshav

Jones, Deacon

Moses, Grandma

Russell, Lillian

Baccio D'agnolo

Skeleton Shrimp

Ali, Muhammad

Ikere-ekiti

West Lothian

Metamorphism

Acrostic

Ancient Greek Civilization

Thomas Jefferson University

Visvakarman

Biblical Literature, The Holiness Code

Santorio Santorio

Venkataraman, Ramaswamy

Hypertension

Duwaym, Ad-

O'mahony, John

Chaga

Hiiumaa

Terminal Velocity

Domenichino

Welded Tuff

Mckay, David O(man)

United States V. E.c. Knight Company

Biological Development, Length and timing of the reproductive phase

Sexual-predator Law

Interior Design, Spain

Pacific Islands, Trade

Disasters

Biblical Literature, New Testament literature

Grayback

Kerr Electro-optic Effect

China, Pei (Northern) Sung (9601127)

Judaism, The making of the Kabbala (c. 11501250)

World War I, Naval operations, 191718